(Click to listen) During the Sonno Joi and anti-shogunate movements of the Bakumatsu period, the Emperor was often referred to as the "gyoku" (jewel or orb). This term implies a more symbolic role, where the Emperor was "carried" by various political factions to legitimize their claims, rather than making independent political judgments. Of course, there were Emperors like Kōmei who expressed clear political will, but in many instances, the Emperor's "authority" was interpreted and mobilized 다양하게 by those кто пытался его использовать. Who possessed this "gyoku" was a crucial factor determining the course of Bakumatsu politics.
This Page's Summary in English (Click to expand and listen to paragraphs)
This page explores the complex relationship between the Tokugawa Shogunate (Bakufu), the seat of political "power," and the Imperial Court (Chōtei) headed by the Emperor, the traditional symbol of "authority," throughout the Edo period. While the Shogunate strictly controlled the Court, it also utilized the Emperor's authority to legitimize its own rule.
In the early Edo period, the Shogunate established firm control through measures like the "Laws for the Imperial Court and Nobility" (Kinchū Narabi ni Kuge Shohatto, 1615), which restricted the Emperor's role to scholarly pursuits and regulated courtly affairs. The Kyoto Shoshidai (Shogunal Deputy in Kyoto) monitored the Court, and the Shogunate controlled the Court's finances. The Shi-e Incident (Purple Robe Incident) demonstrated the Shogunate's supremacy over imperial edicts.
During the mid-Edo period, the relationship stabilized, with the Court performing largely ceremonial functions under shogunal oversight. The Shogunate respected traditional imperial rituals, which in turn reinforced its legitimacy. However, events like the Songō Ikken (Title Incident) reaffirmed shogunal dominance when courtly wishes conflicted with shogunal policy.
In the late Edo and Bakumatsu periods, this balance shifted dramatically. As the Shogunate's authority weakened due to internal and external crises, the Imperial Court's prestige and political influence resurged. Pro-imperial ideologies like Mitogaku gained traction. Perry's arrival led the Shogunate to consult the Court, inadvertently elevating its political standing. The issue of imperial sanction for treaties (e.g., the Harris Treaty) became a major political flashpoint, fueling the Sonno Joi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) movement. Ultimately, the Court became the rallying point for anti-shogunate forces, leading to the Taisē Hōkan (Restoration of Imperial Rule) and the end of the Shogunate.